The Human Muscular System

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Slide Notes


The Human Muscular System

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Types of Muscle Tissue


The human body is composed of three types of muscle tissue:
The human body is composed of three types of muscle tissue:
1. Skeletal Muscle - muscles directly attached to bone, which are responsible for our voluntary movements. Consists of bundles of long slender muscle fibers with many nuclei, and is striated.

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Slide 3

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Types of Muscle


2. Smooth Muscle – involuntary muscle, which makes up many of our internal organs. Tissue is spindle-shaped, and have less nuclei. (Found in intestine and stomach, vascular system, and help to move products through the body by involuntary control.)
2. Smooth Muscle – involuntary muscle, which makes up many of our internal organs. Tissue is spindle-shaped, and have less nuclei. (Found in intestine and stomach, vascular system, and help to move products through the body by involuntary control.)

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Slide 5


3. Cardiac Muscle – muscle of the heart - made of striated tissue similar to skeletal muscle, but cells are much smaller and are under involuntary control – usually have a single nucleus.
3. Cardiac Muscle – muscle of the heart - made of striated tissue similar to skeletal muscle, but cells are much smaller and are under involuntary control – usually have a single nucleus.

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Skeletal Muscle Structure


Muscle fibers are made up of several components:
Muscle fibers are made up of several components:
1. Myofibrils – a single muscle fiber.
2. Filaments – thin components of myofibrils, of which there are two types:
Actin – proteins which make-up the thin filaments.
Myosin – proteins which make-up the thick filaments.
The alternating actin and myosin filaments are why skeletal muscle is striated.
3. Sarcomeres – individual units containing the filaments.
4. Z-Discs – regions which separated sarcomeres.

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Muscle Contraction


Muscles contract when the thin filaments slide over top of the thin filaments – the Movement of Actin over Myosin. – This is called the Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction.
Muscles contract when the thin filaments slide over top of the thin filaments – the Movement of Actin over Myosin. – This is called the Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction.
Cross-bridges connect the myosin fibers to the actin fibers.
ATP is used as energy to change the shape of the cross-bridge and pull the actin over the myosin.
The changing of shape of 1000’s of myosin cross-bridges at the same time causes the muscle fiber to shorten with a large amount of force.

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The Sliding Filament Model

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Muscle Contraction Flowchart

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Muscle Contraction A Closer Look

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Control of Muscle Contraction


Motor neurons connect the CNS to skeletal muscle. Impulses from motor neurons control skeletal muscle contraction.
Motor neurons connect the CNS to skeletal muscle. Impulses from motor neurons control skeletal muscle contraction.
Neuromuscular Junctions – areas of attachment of the motor neurons and the skeletal muscle.
Acetylcholine – the neurotransmitter released by vesicles at the end of the motor neuron axon terminals, which carries the impulse to the skeletal muscle fibers.
Acetylcholine stimulates the release of Ca+ ions within the muscle fiber, which causes the movement of actin over myosin, and muscle contraction.
Muscles remain contracted until acetylcholine is used up.
Acetylcholinesterase – an enzyme which degrades acetylcholine to stop muscle contraction.
Ca+ ions are recycled back into the cell membrane of the muscle cell for future use.

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Interaction of Bone and Muscle


Muscles attach to bone by tendons. When muscles pull on bones, the bones function as levers. Can be 1st, 2nd, or 3rd class levers based on fulcrum position.
Muscles attach to bone by tendons. When muscles pull on bones, the bones function as levers. Can be 1st, 2nd, or 3rd class levers based on fulcrum position.
Most muscles work as Antagonistic Pairs - opposing pairs – they perform opposite movements. (ex. One contracts while one relaxes, and vice versa)
Many muscles are responsible for constant contraction which allows for tonus – muscle tone.

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Antagonistic Pairs Example

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Major Human Muscles

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Slide 15

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Muscle Terminology


The following terms are used when describing particular skeletal muscles and how they are involved in movement:
The following terms are used when describing particular skeletal muscles and how they are involved in movement:
1. Origin – The portion (end) of skeletal muscle that is attached to stationary bone. Serves as an anchor point for muscle action.
2. Insertion – The portion (end) of skeletal muscle that is attached to a bone that will move.
3. Action – describes the movement of body part(s) created by the muscle.
Flexion – flexing or bending. Ex. Curling a dumbbell.
Extension – straightening a limb. Ex. Triceps presses.
Abduction – movement away from the medial line of the body. Ex. Shoulder machine
Adduction- movement toward the medial line of the body. Ex. Peck – deck.
Medial Rotation – turning around an axis toward the middle of the body.
Lateral Rotation – turning around an axis away from the body.
Supination – movement of hand or foot to face anteriorly. Ex. Rotating forearm to make palms face upward.
Pronation – movement of hand or foot to face posteriorly. Ex. Rotating forearm to make palms face downward.

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Major Human Muscles Anterior

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Slide 18

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Major Human Muscles Posterior

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Slide 20

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