Sensation&Perception

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Sensation amp Perception

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Do you hear what I hear



Write the first thing you think of when you hear the following.

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Whats the Difference


Sensation: detecting and encoding physical energy as neural signals
Sensation: detecting and encoding physical energy as neural signals
aka: what you hear/see/touch/smell/taste
Perception: selection, organization, and interpretation of our sensations;
aka: what it all MEANS
We transform sensations into perceptions

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Creating Meaning


Bottom-Up Processing: analysis of information incoming from sense receptors
Bottom-Up Processing: analysis of information incoming from sense receptors
“Bottom” = Stimulus
Top-Down Processing: Drawing meaning from experience and expectations
“Top” = mental set in the brain

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How sensitive art thou


Absolute threshold: minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold: minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
Difference threshold: minimum difference detected between 2 stimuli 50% of the time
Aka: Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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Slide 6

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Laws Governing Detection


Weber’s Law: to be perceived differently, stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Weber’s Law: to be perceived differently, stimulus must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Fechner’s Law: actual magnitude vs. perceived magnitude
Steven’s Power Law: estimation of magnitude

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Change is GOOD


All senses require CHANGE to FUNCTION
All senses require CHANGE to FUNCTION
Sensory Adaptation: diminished sensitivity resulting from constant stimulation
Heightens sensitivity to important information
“We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it.”

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VISION Light Energy


VISION: Light Energy
Eyes see pulses of electromagnetic energy

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Slide 10


VISION: Light Energy

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VISION Parts of the Eye


VISION: Parts of the Eye

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VISION The Retina


VISION: The Retina

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VISION Blind Spot


VISION: Blind Spot

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The Other Senses Hearing


The Other Senses: Hearing

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How do we hear


How do we hear?

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Physical Properties of Waves


Physical Properties of Waves

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How is sound measured


How is sound measured?

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How safe is your iPod


How safe is your iPod?

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Slide 19

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The Other Senses Touch


The Other Senses: Touch
Essential to development
Attachment, Harlow’s monkeys
Mixture of 4 elements
Pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Only pressure has identifiable sense receptors
Why can’t you tickle yourself??

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The Other Senses Pain


The Other Senses: Pain
Pain tells you something is wrong
NO brain, NO pain!
Melzack & Wall – Gate Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

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The Other Senses Taste


The Other Senses: Taste
200 + tastebuds
Receptors for: sweet, sour, salty, & bitter
Taste receptors reproduce every 1-2 weeks
Decrease in taste sensitivity as age increases
Smoking and alcohol speed up process
Smell & Taste coexist
Sensory interaction: one sense influences another
Smell+Texture+Taste=Flavor

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The Other Senses Smell


The Other Senses: Smell
Olfaction: sense of smell
20,000 breaths a day
10-20 million olfactory receptors
Odors can evoke memory & emotion
Anosmia: Inability to smell

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Slide 24

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Module 13 Sensations become Perceptions


Module 13:
Sensations become Perceptions
Gestalt Psychology: study human tendency to organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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Form Perception


Form Perception
Figure-Ground: perceive an object (figure) as distinct from its surroundings (ground)

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Grouping


Grouping

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Slide 29

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Depth Perception A 3D World


Depth Perception: A 3-D World

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How does 2D become 3D


How does 2-D become 3-D?
Binocular Cues
Retinal Disparity: the greater difference between objects viewed, the closer it is

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Slide 32


How does 2-D become 3-D?
Monocular Cues
Relative Size
Interposition: object blocking the view of another perceived as closer
Relative Height
Relative Motion (motion parallax)
Linear Perspective
Light & Shadow

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Slide 33

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Slide 34

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Slide 35

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Slide 36

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Slide 37

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Perceptual Constancy


Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging, even though our sensations of them have changed
Shape
Size
Distance
Lightness

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Slide 39

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Slide 40

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Slide 41

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Slide 42

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The NatureNurture of Perception


The Nature/Nurture of Perception
Does experience influence our perception of the world around us?
The blind have problems perceiving objects once their vision is restored due to lack of experience and neural connections
Critical Period: optimal time for sensory and perceptual development

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Can our perceptions change


Can our perceptions change?
Perceptual adaptation: ability to adjust to changing perceptual conditions
Ex: Looking at the world upside down

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Do Assumptions Effect Perception


Do Assumptions Effect Perception?
Perceptual set: mental predisposition influencing what we perceive
         Mary had a
         a little lamb
         
         Paris in the
         the Springtime

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Looking in Context


Looking in Context
Perception different between individuals due to differing schemas and context
“Dye” vs. “die”; “attacks” vs. “a tax”

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The Human Factor


The Human Factor
Human Factor Psychologists: design technology & environments to fit our perceptions
Mind the “curse of knowledge”
User-test products

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