Primates General

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Transcript

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Slide Notes


OVERVIEW of PRIMATES

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What Makes a Primate



Linnaeus first described the order Primates for classification purposes
Primates have the following traits:
Primates are adapted to life in the trees (arboreal adaptation)
Primates eat a variety of foods (dietary plasticity)
Primates invest a lot in a few offspring (parental investment)

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Primates Have a Unique Combination of Specific Arboreal Adaptations:
Primates Have a Unique Combination of Specific Arboreal Adaptations:
Versatile Skeletal Structure
Clavicle acts as a strut to keep upper limbs to sides of body
Ulna and radius rotate forearm
Phalanges allow hand and foot dexterity
Opposable thumb (or big toe) allows digit to touch other fingers
Primates have a powerful precision grip
Primates have a distinctive spinal column with five vertebral types

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Arboreal Adaptation

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Arboreal Adaptation:
Primates Have an Enhanced Sense of Touch
The ends of fingers and toes are sensitive and allow for maximum information from environment
Primates Have an Enhanced Sense of Vision
Eyes are rotated to the front of the head with overlapping fields of vision
Most primates see in color

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Primates have an enhanced sense of touch. This sensitivity is due in part to the presence of dermal ridges (finger-prints and toe prints) on the inside surfaces of the hands and feet. The potto, a prosimian, has primitive dermal ridges, whereas the human, a higher primate, has more derived ridges, which provide better gripping ability.

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Arboreal Adaptation:
Primates have a reduced reliance on senses of smell and hearing
Length of snout is decreased
Most higher primates have lost the naked rhinarium (wet nose)
Some Prosimians retain the rhinarium

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Dietary Plasticity—Primates eat a highly varied diet, and their teeth reflect this adaptive versatility
Dietary Plasticity—Primates eat a highly varied diet, and their teeth reflect this adaptive versatility
Four functionally distinct tooth types (incisors, canines, premolars and molars)
Primates have a reduced number of teeth
Dental formula records number of teeth in one jaw quadrant:
2/1/2/3 is the formula for Old World monkeys and apes
2/1/3/3 is the formula for New World monkeys

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These five sets of dentitions represent, from top to bottom, human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and baboon. Notice that humans do not have the large projecting canines evident in the other four dentitions. In the side view, the large upper canines fit into a diastema, or space, between the lower canines and the third premolars. Each time the jaws are closed, the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars.

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Parental Investment—Primate parents provide prolonged care for fewer, but smarter, more socially complex, and longer-lived offspring
Parental Investment—Primate parents provide prolonged care for fewer, but smarter, more socially complex, and longer-lived offspring
Female primates give birth to fewer offspring than other mammals
Investment in offspring is high
Development period is longer, especially in apes
Development period is related to larger brain size in primates
Humans have the largest brain for body size (EQ)

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Living Primates


Over 200 species of primates
Over 200 species of primates
Divided into two sub-orders:
Prosimians: “Lesser” Primates
Anthropoids: “Higher” Primates

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Prosimians include:
Prosimians include:
Lemurs
Lorises and Galagos
Tarsiers

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Living Primates Prosimians



Prosimians:
Among oldest living primates
Developed sense of smell
Combination of nails and claws with less dexterity than other primates (Grooming claw and Tooth comb)
Mostly nocturnal
Geographic range: Madagascar and Southeast Asia
Tarsiers share some traits with prosimians and anthropoids

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Lemurs of MAdagascar

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Galagos

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Lorises

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Anthropoids: New World Monkeys (Platyrrhinii)
Anthropoids: New World Monkeys (Platyrrhinii)
One Family: Ceboidea
Rounded nostrils separated by a septum
Mexico to Argentina
Most are arboreal and relatively small
2.1.3.3. or 2.1.3.2 Dental Formula
Some species have prehensile tails
Genus Aotus only nocturnal monkey

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PRIMATE DISTRIBUTION

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Anthropoids: Catarrhinii (Old World monkeys, apes, and humans)
Anthropoids: Catarrhinii (Old World monkeys, apes, and humans)
Old World Monkeys: Cercophithecoids and Colobines
Nostrils separated by a septum that points downward
Most diverse and most successful nonhuman primates
Tough sitting pads on the rear (ischial callosities)
Inhabit terrestrial and arboreal habitats in Africa and Asia
Baboons, macaques, mandrills, colobus, vervets

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FIGURE 6.25d Old World Monkeys Colobines include (c) proboscis monkeys, and (d) douc langurs. Cercopithecines include (e) mandrills, (f) De Brazza’s monkeys, (g) olive baboons, and (h) vervet monkeys.

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Anthropoids: Hominoids
Anthropoids: Hominoids
Great Apes: orangutan, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla
Found in Africa and Indonesia
Sagittal crest in gorilla, orangutan
Chimpanzees are omnivorous; Gorillas are folivores; Orangutans are frugivores
No external tail
Humans characterized by skeletal structure for bipedalism
Lesser apes: Gibbon and Siamangs
Found in Asia
Skilled brachiators
Fewer Hominoids than other primates

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That the great apes and lesser apes regularly use suspensory locomotion can be seen in various features of their skeletal anatomy. For example, this gibbon’s arms are long compared with its legs, its fingers and toes are long, and its fingers are curved and thus have enhanced grasping ability. If an ancestral primate’s forelimbs were considerably longer than its hindlimbs, the animal was likely suspensory.

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Anthropoids: Hominoids
DNA analysis: humans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos are more closely related than each is to orangutans
Chimpanzees and humans are more closely related than either is to gorillas
DNA analyses allows us to look at relatedness from a different perspective

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