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The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives
Behavior and genetics are connected, but not entirely
Behavior is a complex series of interactions among:
Morphology
Learning
Experience
Circumstance
Chance Events

Primate Societies:
Primate Societies:
Primate societies are organized
Primates form long-term social relationships
Social signals establish and maintain social relationships
Social behaviors in primates enhance survival and reproduction and are thought to be maintained by natural selection

Primates residence patterns are diverse and divided according to the number of adult males and females present in the group
Primates residence patterns are diverse and divided according to the number of adult males and females present in the group
Residence patterns:
One-male, multi-female- Polygyny; harem-like organization
One-female, multi-male- Polyandry; Very rare
e.g.Marmosets and Tamarins
Multi-female, multi-male- Very common organization
   Fision-Fusion- e.g. Chimpanzees
   All Male groups
One male, one female- Monogamy; Relatively uncommon
Solitary- Only orangutans and some prosimians

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Dominance Hierarchy: the measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another
Dominance Hierarchy: the measure of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another
Seen in most primates
Complex- often involve coalitions and alliances
Males and Females often have separate hierarchies
Dominance is fluid
Conflict and cooperation are integral

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Getting Food:
Getting Food:
Searching and consuming food resources occupy over 50 percent of a primate’s waking hours
What food strategies tell us about primates:
Hunting, foraging and processing of food in great apes may be evidence of culture
Chimps engage in active predation, manufacture of tools and group specific techniques
Primates are also predated upon

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The nutritional needs of females with offspring are especially high
Quality, distribution, and availability all affect a female’s success at foraging
Females with more resources have more live offspring
Mother-infant bonding is at the core of primate societies
Close spatial association
Grooming
Vocal and physical contact
Exposure to mother’s behaviors and patterns
Learns group behaviors- ranging, feeding, social hierarchies

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Nonhuman Primates and culture:
Nonhuman Primates and culture:
Most have argued that culture is unique to humans
Jane Goodall was the first to assert that chimpanzees possessed material culture
Other researchers have also seen behaviors related to the use and alteration of objects as a form of material culture
Examples: Tool manufacture- rocks for cracking nuts, spears for hunting, termite sticks, medicinal plant use, other “cultural” behaviors
Communication and information retention is the key difference

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