Comments
There aren't any comments for this presentation.
Add Comment
Comments have been closed.
Transcript
Slide Text
Slide Notes
The Rise of Modern Humans Part II
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Modern humans Homo sapiens sapiens
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 3
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.3 Modern Human Features (a) Anatomically modern humans possess a unique suite of traits that are absent in (b) archaic humans.
Modern humans
Key fossil sites for modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens)
Key fossil sites for modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens)
Early Modern Homo sapiens in Africa (200kya):
Herto, Aduma, Awash Valley, Omo
Klasies River Mouth Cave, S. Africa
Early Modern Homo sapiens in Asia (90kya):
Skuhl, Israel
Tianyuan cave, Zhoukoudian
Early Modern Homo sapiens in Australia (40kya):
Lake Mungo
Kow Swamp
Early Modern Homo sapiens in Europe (32kya)
Predmosti, Dolni Vestnice
Cro-Magnon
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 5
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.33 (part 1) The First Modern Humans: Biology and Behavior âHomo idaltu Portrait Bust Reconstruction © 2005â Jay H. Matternes
Slide 6
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.33 (part 2) The First Modern Humans: Biology and Behavior Near the village of Herto, in the Middle Awash region of Ethiopia, a paleoanthropology team directed by Tim White discovered hundreds of hominid skull fragments dating to about 160,000 yBP. When pieced together, the skull proved to be remarkably modern (see reconstruction at left). In contrast to earlier hominids, such as Kabwe (found in Rhodesia and dating to 300,000 yBP), Herto has a tall braincase, a vertical forehead, small browridges, a retracted face, and a large brain. In combination, these are definitive characteristics of modern people. White and his team had found the first modern human. Kabwe skull: © Milford Wolpoff, Herto skull: FOSSIL CREDIT: Housed in National Museum of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. COPYRIGHT PROTECTION NOTICE: Photo © 2001 David L. Brill/Brill Atlanta.
Slide 7
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.41a Cro-Magnon (a, b) In 1868, a geologist discovered skeletons in a rockshelter in Cro-Magnon, France. These remains are considered anatomically modern, with a number of features distinct from Neandertalsâ, including a high, vertical forehead, flat browridges, a much smaller nasal aperture, and an overall smooth, or gracile, skull. FOSSIL CREDIT: Musée de lâHomme, Paris. COPYRIGHT PROTECTION NOTICE: © 1985 David L. Brill.
Slide 8
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.41b Cro-Magnon (a, b) In 1868, a geologist discovered skeletons in a rockshelter in Cro-Magnon, France. These remains are considered anatomically modern, with a number of features distinct from Neandertalsâ, including a high, vertical forehead, flat browridges, a much smaller nasal aperture, and an overall smooth, or gracile, skull. FOSSIL CREDIT: Musée de lâHomme, Paris. COPYRIGHT PROTECTION NOTICE: © 1985 David L. Brill.
Slide 9
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.38a Dolni Vestonice Skull (a, b) This cranium, from Dolni Vestonice, combines modern human and Neandertal characteristics. © Eric Delson
Material culture of Modern Humans
Stone tools and associated industries were revolutionary
Stone tools and associated industries were revolutionary
Substantially increased variety of stone tools
Blades and delicate tools increased technical ability to modify non-stone items
Allowed hafting to wood or bone handles
Made it possible to carve wood, ivory, and to produce very small tools like fishhooks and needles
Transition away from big game hunting to fishing and and plant foods
Many different types of shelters
Larger groups in more complex societies
Clothing
Life gets easier⦠so to speak
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 11
Modern behavioral transition occurs first in Africa and includes:
Symbolic behavior:
cave paintings, stone etchings (pictographs and petroglyphs), carvings on tools, and carved figurines
These are cultural markers- first evidence of group differentiation
Burial of the dead becomes ubiquitous
Post-mortem body modification is extremely common
Symbolism is equated with language and complexity
Language allows information transfer- storytelling etc.
A bigger, more complex brain is indicated in this transition
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 12
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.33 (part 5) The First Modern Humans: Biology and Behavior
Slide 13
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.42 Modern Human Tools Early modern humans used a variety of specialized tools, including harpoons and blades shaped for specific purposes. In addition to stone, bone and antler became common tool materials. © Eric Delson
Material culture
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 15
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 16
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 17
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
Modern Humans
Approximate timing of dispersal:
Approximate timing of dispersal:
Africa (160,000 yBP)
Western Asia (90,000 yBP)
Eastern Asia (35,000 yBP)
Australia (40,000 yBP)
Europe (32,000 yBP)
Americas (14,000 yBP)??
How did they get to Australia and the Americas?
Boat technology enabled migration through the Pacific
First in New World were descendants of East Asian groups
Likely migrated by land and water
Earliest site in NW is in S. America- pre-Clovis
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 19
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.44 Modern Humansâ Migrations Another major research question in physical anthropology focuses on modern humansâ spread from Europe, Asia, and Africa into North America, South America, and Australia. This map shows modern humansâ migration patterns from southern Asia to Australia and the Pacific Islands as well as from northern Asia to North America and, eventually, to South America.
Where did we come from Origins of modern humans
Out of Africa- Proposes that modern humans first arose from archaic Homo sapiens in Africa between 200 and 150,000 ya
Multiregional Evolution- Proposes that there has not been a speciation event in the Homo lineage since 1.8 mya, and that we are the most recent form of the species Homo sapiens (assumes an ANCIENT African origin)
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 21
no text exists for this slide
FIGURE 11.4 Out-of-Africa vs. Multiregional This important anthropological debate is about modern humansâ origins. (a) This chart depicts one of the two hypotheses, Out-of-Africa, according to which modern humans originated in Africa and then migrated throughout the world. (b) This chart depicts the second hypothesis, Multiregional Continuity, according to which Homo erectus evolved into modern Homo sapiens in various geographic locations. The arrows represent gene exchange between the distinct evolutionary lines.
Out of Africa Model
Environmental selective pressures in Africa and caused certain traits to become overrepresented in Archaic humans in Africa
Environmental selective pressures in Africa and caused certain traits to become overrepresented in Archaic humans in Africa
These traits include those morphological traits that distinguish moderns from other species
This species began to expand outside of Africa and either....
Out-competed archaic humans who then became extinct, OR
Alternative to this- Assimilation model
Moderns emerged from Africa and created a âhybridizedâ form with Neandertals, eventually flooding the gene pool
no notes exist for this slide
Support for Out of Africa
Earliest modern human fossils found in Africa
Next oldest are found in the Middle other sites in Eurasia between 50 and 40 kya
By 25 kya, no non-modern fossils found
This suggests a migration spread and replacement by modern humans
However, possible âhybridâ fossils and modern people with âarchaicâ traits may contradict this model
no notes exist for this slide
Multiregional Evolution Model
All humans over the past 1.7 million years have been Homo sapiens
All humans over the past 1.7 million years have been Homo sapiens
All populations have undergone similar changes resulting in modern human traits
Gene flow and common modes of adaptation prevented speciation
Morphological differences in populations are the result of different environmental pressure and genetic drift
Larger populations in Africa led to stronger gene flow from these groups
no notes exist for this slide
Support for MRE
To support this model we should see regional morphological continuity between archaic and modern populations
Analyses of archaic and modern fossils from Africa and Eurasia show:
Wide variation in crania; wide regional continuity in some cases (not so in others); others appeared more like recent African crania
Possible âhybridâ in Portugal
This suggests widespread mixing between archaics and moderns and also supports the greater impact of African populations
These traits may just be primitive for both species OR two species with a common ancestor
Late Homo erectus finds may contradict this model
no notes exist for this slide
Genetics
Primary research has been done on nuclear and mtDNA
Primary research has been done on nuclear and mtDNA
African populations show highest level of genetic diversity
Higher than all other populations combined (suggests an older ancestry than all other populations)
mtDNA studies suggest recent ancestry from a population in Africa ca. 150~200 kya (African âEveâ hypothesis)
New studies suggest multiple ancestral populations at 200~150 kya
Y chromosome DNA also suggests an African ancestral population around 90 kya
Issues with these gene loci; Some DNA appears to much older
Neanderthal mtDNA appears dissimilar from moderns
Lack of samples, time depth leading challenges to DNA analysis and interpretation
no notes exist for this slide
Issues
Difficulties:
Difficulties:
Major disagreements largely due to:
Lack of agreement on criteria that determine fully modern humans
Morphology, genetics and behavior all have different timelines
Contradictory and geographically limited fossil evidence
Newer genetic information complicates previous interpretations
The positioning of the origin of our species has great consequence in evolutionary and philosophical contexts
Based on what weâve learned, what do YOU think?
no notes exist for this slide
Slide 28
no text exists for this slide
no notes exist for this slide
