Biology & Behavior

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Slide Text

Slide Notes


Unit Two Biological Bases of Behavior

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The Biology Behind the Psychology



“Everything Psychological is ultimately Biological.”
What does this say to you?

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Neurons building blocks of the Nervous System

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Neural Communication


Action potential: a neural impulse
Action potential: a neural impulse
Threshold: minimum intensity needed to fire impulse
Neuron firings are all-or-none responses
Synapse: gap between neurons (also called a synaptic gap or cleft)
Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron
Reuptake: sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters

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Demonstrations


               
               
               Action Potential
               Synaptic Transmission

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Types of Neurons


Sensory Neurons (afferent) ~ 2 million
Sensory Neurons (afferent) ~ 2 million
Sends messages from sense organs  brain
Motor Neurons (efferent) ~ 2-3 million
Sends messages from brain  muscles, organs, glands
Interneurons ~ Billions & Billions
Relay messages between sensory & motor neurons
Glial cells – “The forgotten cell”
Glue cells which help connections, insulate, and clean up

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Influence of Neurotransmitters


Each neurotransmitter has a specific effect on behavior & emotions
Each neurotransmitter has a specific effect on behavior & emotions
Acetylcholine:          muscle action, learning, memory
Dopamine:       movement, learning, attention, emotion
Serotonin:              mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
Norepinephrine:                alertness, arousal
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate:        excitatory neurotransmitter, memory
Find a condition or disease associated with the blockage or increase in one of these neurotransmitters.

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Drugs amp Neurotransmitters


Endorphins: natural “opiates” released in response to pain or vigorous exercise
Endorphins: natural “opiates” released in response to pain or vigorous exercise
Why not flood the brain with artificial opiates??
Brain will stop producing natural ones
Withdrawal symptoms
Drugs affect communication at the synapse
Agonist Molecule: excites, mimics neurotransmitter
Antagonist Molecule: inhibits, blocks neurotransmitter

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Neuron FAQs


100 Billion neurons in the human body
100 Billion neurons in the human body
It would take you 3,171 years to count all the neurons (1 per second)
4-100 Microns wide (1 micron=1/1000th of a millimeter)
Your neurons are for life! You will have less and less as you get older

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The Nervous System



Nerves: neural cables containing many axon

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Endocrine System


Slower than nervous system
Slower than nervous system
Uses hormones (another chemical messenger) to communicate
Flow from tissues through bloodstream to other tissues
Adrenal glands: above kidneys; secrete hormones to arouse body during stress
Pituitary glands: controlled by hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls endocrine glands

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The Brain

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Whats a brain good for anyway


Case Study: Phineas Gage
Case Study: Phineas Gage

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Case Study Phineas Gage


Which part of the brain did Gage injure?
Which part of the brain did Gage injure?
Why did Gage feel no pain after the injury?
What were the “treatments” given to Gage after the injury?
What was the major change in Gage after the accident?
What is localization of the brain?

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Studying the Brain


Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measures brains electrical waves by attaching electrodes to the scalp
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
Injection of radioactive glucose (brain sugar) to detect where fuel goes under different situations
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnet aligns spinning atoms of brain to show tissue and brain anatomy
Functioning MRI (fMRI)
Shows brain function & bloodflow

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Slide 16

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Brain Structures


Brain Map (BBC) OR 3-D Brain (PBS)
Brain Map (BBC) OR 3-D Brain (PBS)
Using the Interactive Brain Map, list the structure and function of the parts of the brain listed below. Give an example of how each structure influences your behavior or emotions:

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Split Brain


Each brain hemisphere serves a different purpose
Each brain hemisphere serves a different purpose
Vogel & Bogen (1961)
Stop seizures by splitting corpus collosum
Sperry, Myers, Gazzaniga were successful with animals
HE-ART

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Right vs Left Brain

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Slide 20


We only use 10% of our brain
We only use 10% of our brain
Your brain does not grow new cells
Some people are right-brained, others left-brained
Brain damage cannot be repaired

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